EarlyWindow

Cohen, Stanley

2005-11-18T05:00:00.000-08:00

Cohen was educated at Brooklyn College (B.A., 1943), Oberlin College (M.A., 1945), and at the University of Michigan, where he received a Ph.D. in

Wicklow

2005-10-16T01:05:00.000-07:00

Irish Cill Mhantáin seaport and county seat, County Wicklow, Ireland, south-southeast of Dublin. St. Mantan built a church there in the 5th century; and the town later became a settlement of the Vikings, who renamed it Wykingalo (Vikings' Lough). After the Anglo-Norman invasion in the 12th century, it was granted to Maurice Fitzgerald, who built Black Castle. From then until the 17th century the town

2005-10-16T01:00:00.000-07:00

Tura

2005-07-28T22:35:00.000-07:00

Urban settlement and administrative centre of Evenky autonomous okrug (district), Krasnoyarsk kray (region), east-central Russia. The settlement lies along the Nizhnaya (Lower) Tunguska River at its confluence with the Kochechum. Tura is a transshipment point on the river. It is also the site of an institute of agriculture of the far north and a regional museum. Pop. (1991 est.)

Paul, Lewis

2005-07-27T04:30:00.000-07:00

Paul was the son of a Huguenot refugee, at whose death he became a ward of the Earl of Shaftesbury. He began working with Wyatt about 1730, and they patented their machine in 1738. The idea was evidently Paul's, and the skilled Wyatt translated it into working machinery. The

Molinet, Jean

2005-07-24T17:15:00.000-07:00

Molinet studied in Paris and about 1464 entered the service of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, becoming secretary to Georges Chastellain, chronicler

Seti I

2005-07-07T20:00:00.000-07:00

In the early years of his reign, Seti led his army northward to restore Egyptian prestige, which had been partly lost during the troubled years of the late 18th dynasty. He battled in northern Palestine

Q

2005-06-15T17:45:00.000-07:00

Pseudonym of Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (q.v.).

Liquid Crystal

2005-06-03T02:20:00.000-07:00

A substance that flows as a liquid but maintains some of the ordered structure characteristic of a crystal. Certain organic substances when heated will not melt directly but will turn from a crystalline solid to a liquid-crystal (mesomorphic) state. Upon further heating, a temperature is reached at which a true (isotropic) liquid is formed. The liquid-crystal state

Zamia

2005-05-31T21:00:00.000-07:00

A genus of 30 or more species of cycads (family Cycadaceae), small, stocky, fern-like plants native to tropical and subtropical America. They have a turniplike, mostly underground stem that in some species reaches 3 m (10 feet) or more in height. A starchy food is obtained from the crushed roots and stems of certain species, among them coontie, or comfortroot (Z. floridana), found in

Arabia, History Of, Yemen

2005-05-17T00:00:00.000-07:00

To quell a rising in Yemen, the 'Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun dispatched Ibn Ziyad, who refounded in 820 the southern city of Zabid and became overlord of Yemen, Najran, and Hadhramaut. About a century later, the Najahids—Ethiopian slaves or local Afro-Asians—supplanted the Ziyadids in Zabid; however, though independent, neither dynasty renounced vague 'Abbasid suzerainty. The Banu Ya'fur

Greenville

2005-05-15T17:50:00.000-07:00

City, seat (1809) of Darke county, western Ohio, U.S., on Greenville Creek, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Dayton. Laid out in 1808, it was the site of Fort Greenville, named for General Nathanael Greene and built by General “Mad” Anthony Wayne (1793). After his victory at Fallen Timbers (near the present site of Toledo), Wayne signed a peace treaty at the fort with Indians (1795) that opened the Northwest Territory

Visible Trade

2005-05-13T11:07:00.000-07:00

Countries lacking various raw materials will import needed substances such

Altare Glass

2005-03-15T21:59:00.000-08:00

Type of Italian glassware produced in the town of Altare, near Genoa. The Altare glass industry was established in the 11th century by glassmakers from Normandy and developed independently of the much better known glassworks of Venice. During the 15th century the great demand for Venetian glass and, consequently, its profitability led the Venetians to confine glassmakers

Hoess, Rudolf Franz

2005-03-14T22:47:00.000-08:00

After serving in World War I, Hoess joined conservative cliques, was arrested and imprisoned (1923 - 28), and then joined the Nazi Party, becoming a member of the SS. In 1934 he began serving

D�

2005-03-11T18:30:00.000-08:00

City, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies along the Ruhr River, on the northeastern slopes of the Eifel Hills. A Frankish settlement first mentioned in 748, it grew from the Villa Duria of Pippin III the Short, the king of the Franks. It was subsequently the seat of diets and synods under Charlemagne and the base for several of his Saxon campaigns. After

Asceticism

2005-03-07T18:14:00.000-08:00

In all strictly ascetic movements, celibacy (q.v.) has been regarded as the first commandment. Virgins and celibates emerged among the earliest Christian communities and came to occupy a prominent status. Among the earliest Mesopotamian Christian communities, only the celibates were accepted as full members of the church, and in some religions only celibates have

Novello, Antonia

2005-03-06T11:01:00.000-08:00

Antonia Coello suffered from a painful colon condition from birth until she underwent corrective surgery at age 18. This experience influenced her to train as a physician in order to help minimize suffering in others. After

Chicago

2005-03-05T17:33:00.000-08:00

Rock band, among the most popular American recording artists of all time, with sales of more than 100 million records. Initially a jazz-rock unit, Chicago thrived as it moved toward a lighter, ballad-oriented rock style. Its original members were Terry Kath (b. Jan. 31, 1946, Chicago, Ill., U.S. - d. Jan. 23, 1978, Los Angeles, Calif.), Peter Cetera (b. Sept. 13, 1944, Chicago), Robert Lamm (b. Oct. 13, 1944, New York, N.Y.), Walter

Solar Compass

2005-03-04T08:20:00.000-08:00

Also called �Sun Compass, � type of navigational instrument that uses the position of the Sun to establish bearing. The solar compass operates somewhat like a sundial. It indicates direction by employing the angle of the shadow cast by the Sun in conjunction with a compass card, a flat disk marked with points and degrees of direction. The solar compass is useful for navigation in the high latitudes,

Affidavit

2005-03-03T10:14:00.000-08:00

A written statement of fact made voluntarily, confirmed by the oath or affirmation of the party making it, and signed before a notary or other officer empowered to administer such oaths. Affidavits generally name the place of execution and certify that the person making it states certain facts and appeared before the officer on a certain date and �subscribed and

Oscar I

2005-03-02T02:34:00.000-08:00

Oscar's early liberal outlook and progressive ideas on such issues as fiscal policy, freedom of the press, and penal reform fortuitously coincided with a period of social, political, and industrial change. After his accession

Mithra

2005-03-01T21:18:00.000-08:00

Also spelled �Mithras, �Sanskrit �Mitra, � in ancient Indo-Iranian mythology, the god of light, whose cult spread from India in the east to as far west as Spain, Great Britain, and Germany. (See Mithraism.) The first written mention of the Vedic Mitra dates to 1400 BC. His worship spread to Persia and, after the defeat of the Persians by Alexander the Great, throughout the Hellenic world. In the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, the cult of

Mithra

2005-02-28T18:16:00.000-08:00

Also called �interstitial-cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)� one of two gonadotropic hormones (i.e., hormones concerned with the regulation of the gonads, or sex glands) that is produced by the pituitary gland. LH is a glycoprotein and operates in conjunction with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Following the release of the egg (ovulation) in the female, LH promotes the transformation of the graafian follicle (a small egg-containing

Biblical Literature, Life of Adam and Eve

2005-02-27T05:38:00.000-08:00

The many Christian legends in many languages about the lives of Adam and Eve probably have their origin in a Jewish writing (or writings) about the biblical first man and woman. The most important of these works are the Latin Vita Adae et Evae (Life of Adam and Eve) and a Greek work closely parallel to it, named erroneously by its first editor the Apocalypse of Moses. The

Pinchot, Gifford

2005-02-25T03:11:00.000-08:00

Pinchot graduated from Yale in 1889 and studied at the National Forestry School in Nancy, France, and in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. Upon his return home in 1892, he began the first systematic forestry work in the United States at Biltmore, the estate of George W. Vanderbilt,

Ib��ez Del Campo, Carlos

2005-02-24T06:04:00.000-08:00

After a military career of 30 years, Ib��ez participated in a revolt in September 1924 against the government of Arturo Alessandri Palma. From 1925 to 1927 Ib��ez in effect controlled Chile while

Horse, Arabian

2005-02-23T02:03:00.000-08:00

Its long history is obscured by legend, but the Arabian breed, prized for its stamina, intelligence, and character, is known to have been developed in Arabia by the 7th century AD. It is a compact horse with a small head, protruding eyes, wide nostrils, marked withers, and a short back. It usually has only 23 vertebrae, while 24 is the usual number for other breeds. Its legs are strong

Outardes River

2005-02-23T01:15:00.000-08:00

French �Rivi�re Aux Outardes, � river in C�te-Nord (�North Shore�) region, east-central Quebec province, Canada, rising in the Otish Mountains and flowing southward for 300 miles (480 km) through Lake Pl�tipi to the St. Lawrence River, 18 miles southwest of Baie-Comeau. Named after the numerous wild geese for which it is famous, the Outardes River, with its many rapids and falls, attracted hydroelectric development

Water Net

2005-02-22T04:50:00.000-08:00

Any algae that is a member of the genus Hydrodictyon. A water net is a green algae found as a free-floating network of multinucleate cell masses arranged in hexagons or pentagons and up to 20 cm (7.9 inches) in total length. Water nets are usually found floating on the surface of quiet ponds. Sexual reproduction is by fusion of similar gametes (isogamy).

Crab Nebula

2005-02-21T05:43:00.000-08:00

(catalog numbers NGC 1952 and M1), probably the most intensely studied bright nebula, in the constellation Taurus, about 5,000 light-years from Earth. Roughly 5 to 10 light-years in diameter, it is assumed to be the remnant of a supernova (violently exploding star) observed by Chinese and other astronomers first on July 4, 1054. The supernova was visible in daylight for 23 days and at night for almost

Poland, History Of

2005-02-20T16:53:00.000-08:00

History of the area from the 10th century to the present.

Padang

2005-02-19T06:19:00.000-08:00

Kotamadya (municipality) and kabupaten (regency), capital of Sumatera Barat provinsi (�province�), Indonesia. Padang is the chief port on Sumatra's western coast and is now the main city of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra. It was the site of Dutch settlements early in the 17th century, and warehouses and a small fort were erected in 1667. The town was held by the British (1812 - 18) and

Adams, Gerry

2005-02-18T05:52:00.000-08:00

Gerard Adams was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, on Oct. 6, 1948, into a prominent Irish nationalist

Tallchief, Maria

2005-02-17T06:55:00.000-08:00

Born in a town on an Osage Indian reservation in Oklahoma, Maria Tallchief and her sister Marjorie were of Osage and Scotch-Irish descent. Both sisters began dancing as children and later studied

Reisner, George Andrew

2005-02-16T05:22:00.000-08:00

Reisner served with an international group of experts in classifying the great Egyptology collection of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

La P�rouse, Jean-fran�ois De Galaup, Count (comte) De

2005-02-15T21:39:00.000-08:00

Commanding the ship La Boussole, which was accompanied by the Astrolabe, La P�rouse sailed from France on Aug. 1, 1785. After rounding Cape Horn, one of his stops in the South Pacific was Easter Island (April 9, 1786). Investigating tropical Pacific waters, he visited the Sandwich Islands

Appian Way

2005-02-14T03:13:00.000-08:00

Latin �Via Appia,� the first and most famous of the ancient Roman roads, running from Rome to Campania and southern Italy. (See Roman road system.) The Appian Way was begun in 312 BC by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus. At first it ran only 132 miles (212 km) from Rome south-southeastward to ancient Capua, in Campania, but by about 244 BC it had been extended another 230 miles (370 km) southeastward to reach the port of Brundisium

Hawksmoor, Nicholas

2005-02-13T21:19:00.000-08:00

Hawksmoor began to work for Wren about 1679 and owed his professional advancement

Wage And Salary

2005-02-12T17:41:00.000-08:00

The bargaining theory of wages holds that wages, hours, and working conditions are determined by the relative bargaining strength of the parties to the agreement. Smith hinted at such a theory when he noted that employers had greater bargaining strength than employees, because it was easier for employers to combine in opposition to employees' demands and also

Turkey, Foreign affairs since 1950

2005-02-11T05:32:00.000-08:00

Until the 1960s, Turkish foreign policy was wholly based on close relations with the West, particularly the friendship of the United States. Turkey sent troops to Korea and joined NATO (1952) and the Baghdad Pact (1955). This Western-oriented policy derived from fear of the Soviet Union, dependence on U.S. military and economic aid, and Turkey's desire to be accepted as a secular, democratic,

Nicetas Stethatos

2005-02-10T09:47:00.000-08:00

A monk of the Stoudion monastery in Constantinople (now Istanbul), Nicetas allied himself c. 1020 with his spiritual tutor, Symeon the New Theologian, whose biographer and

Sankuru River

2005-02-09T06:58:00.000-08:00

Main tributary of the Kasai River (itself a tributary of the Congo River) in Congo (Kinshasa), central Africa. About 750 miles (1,200 km) long, it begins in the western highlands of Katanga (Shaba), where it is known as the Lubilash River, and flows 285 miles (460 km) north and northwest, where it becomes the Sankuru proper and where it flows northward and then almost directly westward to the Kasai.

Orbital

2005-02-08T10:29:00.000-08:00

In chemistry and physics, a mathematical expression, called a wave function, that describes properties characteristic of no more than two electrons in the vicinity of an atomic nucleus or of a system of nuclei as in a molecule. An orbital often is depicted as a three-dimensional region within which there is a 95 percent probability of finding the electron (see

Houghton

2005-02-07T04:43:00.000-08:00

City, seat of Houghton county, northwestern Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S. It lies along Portage Lake and the Keweenaw Waterway, opposite Hancock. It was settled in 1851 and named for Douglass Houghton, a state geologist. The discovery of nearby rich copper lodes between 1855 and 1870 resulted in an economic boom that lasted until after World War I. Houghton is now a distribution

Yablonitsky Pass

2005-02-06T03:58:00.000-08:00

Russian �Pereval Yablonitsky, �also spelled �Pereval Jablonickij, � pass in the outer eastern Carpathians of western Ukraine, an important route connecting the rest of the republic with the isolated Zakarpatskaya oblast (administrative region) and with northeastern Romania. The southern portion of the pass is formed by the valley of the Tisa River, and the northern section contains the headwaters of the Prut. The head of the pass

Dacryocystitis

2005-02-05T02:24:00.000-08:00

Inflammation and infection of the lachrymal sac. Tears leave the eye through small openings in the inner corner of the eye and flow into the lachrymal, or tear, sac, from which they drain through a duct - the nasolachrymal duct - into the nasal cavity. Thus infection can reach the lachrymal sac from the nose by way of the nasolachrymal duct. Inflammation of the sac causes

Academy Award

2005-02-04T03:55:00.000-08:00

In full �Academy Award of Merit�, byname �Oscar� any of several awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California, U.S., to recognize achievement in the film industry. The award, a gold-plated statuette, is bestowed upon winners in the following 25 categories: best picture, actor, actress, supporting actor, supporting actress, directing, original screenplay,

Powdery Mildew

2005-02-03T06:30:00.000-08:00

A superficial, white or light gray, powdery to

European Union

2005-02-02T19:41:00.000-08:00

On January 1, 1995, Sweden, Austria, and Finland joined the EU, leaving Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland as the only major western European countries outside the organization. Norway's government twice (1972 and 1994) attempted to join, but its voters rejected membership on each occasion. Switzerland tabled its application in the early 1990s. Norway, Iceland, and the members of the EU (along

Memory Abnormality, Traumatic amnesia

2005-02-01T11:37:00.000-08:00

On recovery of consciousness after trauma, a person who has been knocked out by a blow on the head at first typically is dazed, confused, and imperfectly aware of his whereabouts and circumstances. This so-called posttraumatic confusional state may last for an hour or so up to several days or even weeks. While in this condition, the individual appears unable to store

Fable, Parable, And Allegory, Allegory

2005-01-31T04:39:00.000-08:00

In terms of allegory, the Greco-Roman and Hebraic-Christian cultures both have a common

V.c.

2005-01-30T06:40:00.000-08:00

Recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest military award bestowed in Great Britain. See Victoria Cross.

Hoffman, Daniel

2005-01-29T11:21:00.000-08:00

Hoffman attended Columbia University in New York, from which he received an A.B. (1947), an M.A. (1949), and a Ph.D. (1956). During World War II he served in the Air Force, working for a journal that covered

Silicon Carbide

2005-01-28T02:11:00.000-08:00

Exceedingly hard, synthetically produced crystalline compound of silicon and carbon. Its chemical formula is SiC. Since the late 19th century silicon carbide has been an important material for sandpapers, grinding wheels, and cutting tools. More recently, it has found application in refractory linings and heating elements for industrial furnaces, in wear-resistant

Habad

2005-01-27T06:49:00.000-08:00

Jewish movement and its doctrine, an offshoot of the religious and social movement known as Hasidism; its name derives from the initial letters of three Hebrew words that distinguish and characterize the movement: hokhma (�wisdom�), bina (�intelligence�), and da'at (�knowledge�). Habad follows the common Hasidic themes of devequt (�attachment�), hitlahavut (�enthusiasm�), and kawwana

Aemilian

2005-01-26T16:30:00.000-08:00

Aemilian was a senator and served as consul before receiving the command of the army of Moesia (in present eastern Yugoslavia) during the reign of the emperor Trebonianus Gallus (reigned 251 - 253). After turning back an invasion by the Goths, Aemilian rebelled against the emperor in the summer of 253 and

Aniline

2005-01-25T15:50:00.000-08:00

Aniline is prepared commercially by the catalytic

Ma Y�

2005-01-24T02:06:00.000-08:00

Ma began his career in the service of Wang Mang, but when revolts erupted throughout the countryside in opposition to Wang's policies, Ma joined the minister's enemies. He eventually

Awaji Island

2005-01-23T16:07:00.000-08:00

Japanese �Awaji-shima� island, Hyogo ken (prefecture), Japan. The island lies at the eastern end of the Inland Sea, between west-central Honshu and eastern Shikoku. The narrow straits of Akashi (north) and Kii (southeast) separate it from the city of Kobe on Honshu, while Naruto Strait to the southwest, well known for its whirlpools, separates it from Shikoku. Most of the island's area of 229 square miles

Epipolae

2005-01-22T08:47:00.000-08:00

Ancient fortified plateau west of Syracuse, Sicily, which was enclosed with walls some 12 miles (19 km) long by the tyrant Dionysius I the Elder (c. 430 - 367 BC). The southern wall, of which considerable remains exist, was probably often restored. Epipolae narrows to a ridge about 180 feet (55 m) wide at one point, and there stand the ruins of the most imposing fortress to survive from the Greek period.

Heidelberg Catechism

2005-01-21T09:35:00.000-08:00

The Heidelberg Catechism was prepared

Nordic Council Of Ministers

2005-01-20T04:56:00.000-08:00

Organization of the Nordic states of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden for the purpose of consultation and cooperation on matters of common interest. The Council was established in February 1971 under an amendment to the Helsinki Convention (1962) between the Nordic countries. It consists of the ministers of state of the member countries, as well as other ministers

Mitosis

2005-01-19T05:40:00.000-08:00

Prior to the onset of mitosis, the chromosomes have replicated and the proteins

Assam

2005-01-18T16:47:00.000-08:00

State of India. It is located in the northeastern part of the country and has an area of 30,285 square miles (78,438 square kilometres). It is bounded to the north by the kingdom of Bhutan and the state of Arunachal Pradesh; to the east by the states of Nagaland and Manipur; to the south by the states of Mizoram and Tripura; and to the west by the state of Meghalaya, Bangladesh, and the state of West

Suez Canal

2005-01-17T05:29:00.000-08:00

Arabic �Qanat as-Suways, � sea-level waterway running north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas. The canal separates the African continent from Asia, and it provides the shortest maritime route between Europe and the lands lying around the Indian and western Pacific oceans. It is one of the world's most heavily used shipping lanes. The canal

Rocky Mountains, Water resources

2005-01-16T10:41:00.000-08:00

The Rocky Mountains in Canada and the United States are a region of water surplus, where precipitation exceeds losses from evaporation, runoff, and transpiration. The lands on either side of the mountain front, however, experience a water deficit. The people living in these areas have looked to water-storage projects in the Rockies for irrigation, domestic and industrial

Auriol, Vincent

2005-01-15T05:08:00.000-08:00

After studying law at the University of Toulouse, Auriol was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies in 1914; he soon emerged as a prominent figure in the Socialist Party, leading its parliamentary delegation between 1919 and 1935. He served

Vald�s, Juan De

2005-01-14T15:17:00.000-08:00

Juan studied under Spain's leading Humanists and developed religious views that closely followed the ideas of Erasmus of Rotterdam, with

O'brien, James Bronterre

2005-01-13T04:56:00.000-08:00

O'Brien was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and moved to London in 1829, intending to practice at the English bar. In London he was quickly drawn into radical activities and later into working-class journalism,

China, The Tangut

2005-01-12T13:53:00.000-08:00

In the northwest the Tangut, a Tibetan people, inhabited the region between the far end of the Great Wall in modern Kansu and the Huang Ho bend in Inner Mongolia. Their semioasis economy combined irrigated agriculture with pastoralism. Their control over the terminus of the famous Silk Road made them middlemen in trade between Central Asia and China. They adopted

Kirk, Norman Eric

2005-01-11T09:41:00.000-08:00

A cabinetmaker's son, Kirk ended his formal education in primary school and held such jobs as apprentice fitter and turner and as foreman with the Railways Department. He joined the New Zealand Labour Party in 1943, was mayor of Kaiapoi (1953 - 57), and entered parliament in 1957. He became leader

Irkutsk

2005-01-10T14:35:00.000-08:00

City and administrative centre of Irkutsk oblast (province), east-central Russia. The city lies along the Angara River at its confluence with the Irkut River. It was founded as a wintering camp in 1652, during the first Russian colonization of the area; a fort was built in 1661, and Irkutsk rapidly became the main centre of Cisbaikalia and of the Russian trade route to China and

Tachikawa, Keiji

2005-01-09T18:52:00.000-08:00

After having endured months of disappointing sales, Japanese wireless provider NTT DoCoMo staged a spirited comeback in 2003 under the leadership of company president Keiji Tachikawa. NTT DoCoMo was operated by Nippon Telegraph

Ireland, Air facilities

2005-01-08T16:35:00.000-08:00

International airports are located at Dublin, Shannon, and Cork, and there are several regional airports. Aer Rianta, a public limited-liability company, has responsibility for the operation, management, and development of the three major international airports. Shannon was the world's first duty-free airport; a state-sponsored company offers substantial tax breaks

Mies Van Der Rohe, Ludwig

2005-01-06T10:27:00.000-08:00

Ludwig Mies (he added his mother's surname, van der Rohe, when he had established himself as an architect) was the son of a master mason who owned a small stonecutter's shop. Mies helped his father on various construction sites but never received any formal architectural training. At age 15 he was apprenticed to several Aachen architects for whom he sketched outlines of

Malaysia, Malaya

2005-01-04T11:18:00.000-08:00

Except for Malacca, there was little Western influence in Malaya and northern Borneo until the late 18th century, when Britain became interested in the area. The British sought a source for goods to be sold in China, and in 1786 the English East India Company acquired Penang (or Pinang) Island, off Malaya's northwest coast, from the sultan of Kedah. The island soon became a major

Boucher, Jonathan

2005-01-03T22:07:00.000-08:00

In 1759 Boucher went to Virginia as a private tutor. After a visit to London in 1762 for his ordination, he became rector of Annapolis, Md., and tutored George Washington's stepson, thus becoming a family friend. His royalist views cost him his position: by 1775 he was keeping pistols

Athens

2005-01-02T14:09:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1805) of Athens county, southeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Hocking River, 73 miles (117 km) southeast of Columbus. It was founded in 1800 by the territorial legislature as the seat of the American Western University, which was renamed Ohio University in 1804. Athens and the university campus were laid out by General Rufus Putnam and the Reverend Manasseh Cutler. The village

Housecarl

2005-01-01T11:14:00.000-08:00

Canute's 3,000-man force, which remained in England after the invasion army had been sent home, does not represent

Children's Literature, Overview

2004-12-31T02:05:00.000-08:00

The French themselves are not happy with their record. Writing in the late 1940s, critic Jean de Trigon, in Histoire de la litt�rature enfantine, de ma M�re l'Oye au Roi Babar (Paris, Librairie Hachette, 1950) said: �The French have created little children's literature. They have received more than they have given, but they have assimilated, adapted, transformed. The two are not the same

Lens Dislocation

2004-12-30T08:50:00.000-08:00

Abnormal position of the crystalline lens of the eye. The dislocation, which may be congenital or acquired, has as its immediate cause weakness or loss of a portion of the ligaments that anchor the lens to the ciliary muscle.

Atwood, Margaret (eleanor)

2004-12-29T23:30:00.000-08:00

In her early poetry

Galen, Clemens August, Graf (count) Von

2004-12-28T05:00:00.000-08:00

Galen was ordained in 1904 in M�nster, where, as a priest at St. Lambert's, he published his Die Pest des Laizismus und ihre Erscheinungsformen (1932; �The Plague of Laicism and Its Manifestations�), deploring what

Alembert, Jean Le Rond D'

2004-12-27T04:26:00.000-08:00

Posterity has not confirmed the judgment of those contemporaries who placed d'Alembert's reputation next to Voltaire's. In spite of his original contributions to the mathematical sciences, intellectual timidity prevented his literary and philosophical work from attaining true greatness. Nevertheless, his scientific background enabled him to elaborate

Afonso Iii

2004-12-26T02:15:00.000-08:00

The younger son of Afonso II and Urraeca, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, Afonso emigrated and became, by marriage, count of Boulogne. His elder brother, Sancho II, was deposed by order of the pope, who granted Afonso

Earth, Study of waveforms

2004-12-25T23:45:00.000-08:00

In addition to the measurements of travel times, the determination of velocity distributions by body waves has been greatly enhanced since the late 1960s by the quantitative study of waveforms - the actual ground displacements as a function of time at each seismometer. The detailed character of these displacements, which might typically amount to a few to tens of micrometres

Accentual-syllabic Verse

2004-12-24T16:51:00.000-08:00

In prosody, the metrical system that is most commonly used in English poetry. It is based on both the number of stresses, or accents, and the number of syllables in each line of verse. A line of iambic pentameter verse, for example, consists of five feet, each of which is an iamb (an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable). Although accentual-syllabic verse is very strictly

Pereira, Nuno �lvares, Blessed

2004-12-23T22:24:00.000-08:00

Pereira distinguished himself in battle at age 13, fighting against the Castilians in their invasion of 1373. On the death of Ferdinand I of Portugal

Nardi, Jacopo

2004-12-22T11:01:00.000-08:00

Nardi was born to a family that was long hostile to the Medici. He followed a military career until the expulsion of the Medici in 1494; he then served in several posts as a magistrate and became one of the principal republican

Pendant

2004-12-21T00:42:00.000-08:00

In stone ceilings the use of pendant vaulting was

Oakville

2004-12-20T23:12:00.000-08:00

Town, regional municipality of Halton, southeastern Ontario, Canada, 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Toronto. Oakville is situated on Lake Ontario at the mouth of Oakville Creek. It was founded in 1830 by Colonel William K. Chisholm, who established shipbuilding yards there. It was originally incorporated in 1857, and in 1962 it amalgamated with Trafalgar Township to form the new town of Oakville,

Biblical Literature, Christology in Hebrews

2004-12-19T23:31:00.000-08:00

The church is viewed as being in danger of discouragement in the face of persecution and possible apostasy. If faithless, church members risk total loss, for no second repentance is possible. Through his special Christology, the author seeks to help the readers by showing that Christ is the saviour superior to any other and that as Saviour, Son of God, High Priest, pioneer,

Houston Ship Channel

2004-12-18T04:18:00.000-08:00

Waterway that connects Houston, Texas, with the Gulf of Mexico, passing through the former Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay. The channel, which was opened in 1914 and later improved, is 50.5 mi (81.3 km) long, 36 ft (11 m) deep, and has a minimum width of 300 ft (90 m). It requires no locks.

Wicksteed, Philip Henry

2004-12-17T23:37:00.000-08:00

Wicksteed, who was for some years a Unitarian minister, was a writer on literature, classics, theology, and philosophy, and his fame at the time of his death was greater in these contexts than as an economist. He wrote, among many works, Dante and

Turberville, George

2004-12-16T14:58:00.000-08:00

After attending the University of Oxford, Turberville went to Russia (1568 - 69) as secretary to Thomas Randolph, the first English ambassador there, and later settled at Shapwick, Dorset. In Epitaphes, Epigrams, Songs and

Aldosterone

2004-12-15T11:49:00.000-08:00

Aldosterone is synthesized in the body from corticosterone, a steroid derived from cholesterol. Production of aldosterone (in adult humans,

Over-the-counter Market

2004-12-14T14:46:00.000-08:00

Trading in stocks and bonds that does not take place on stock exchanges; such trading is most significant in the United States, where requirements for listing stocks on the exchanges are quite strict. It is often called the �off-board market,� and sometimes the �unlisted market,� though the latter term is misleading because some securities so traded are listed on an exchange.

New Castle

2004-12-13T06:18:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1849) of Lawrence county, western Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies at the juncture of the Shenango and Mahoning rivers and Neshannock Creek and in the foothills of the Allegheny Mountains, 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Youngstown, Ohio. Originally the site of a Delaware Indian capital, it was settled in about 1798 by John Stewart, who built an iron furnace and named the place for the

Astrakhan

2004-12-12T14:32:00.000-08:00

Formerly �Khadzhi-tarkhan, � city and administrative centre of Astrakhan oblast (province), southwestern Russia. Astrakhan city is situated in the delta of the Volga River, 60 miles (100 km) from the Caspian Sea. It lies on several islands on the left bank of the main, westernmost channel of the Volga. Astrakhan was formerly the capital of a Tatar khanate, a remnant of the Golden Horde, located on the higher